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Flyting

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1545 woodcut by Lucas Cranach referencing (and possibly illustrating) flyting. German peasants respond to a papal bull of Pope Paul III. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears."[1][2]
The Norse gods Freyja and Loki flyte in an illustration (1895) by Lorenz Frølich

Flyting or fliting (Classical Gaelic: immarbág, Irish: iomarbháigh, lit. "counter-boasting"),[3] is a contest consisting of the exchange of insults between two parties, often conducted in verse.[4]

Etymology

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The word flyting comes from the Old English verb flītan meaning 'to quarrel', made into a gerund with the suffix -ing. Attested from around 1200 in the general sense of a verbal quarrel, it is first found as a technical literary term in Scotland in the sixteenth century.[5] The first written Scots example[6] is William Dunbar, The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedie, written in the late fifteenth century.[7]

Description

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I will no longer keep it secret:
it was with thy sister
thou hadst such a son
hardly worse than thyself.

Like ane boisteous bull, ye rin and ryde
Royatouslie, lyke ane rude rubatour
Ay fukkand lyke ane furious fornicatour

Sir David Lyndsay, An Answer quhilk Schir David Lyndsay maid Y Kingis Flyting (The Answer Which Sir David Lyndsay made to the King's Flyting), 1536

Ajax: Thou bitch-wolf's son, canst thou not hear? Feel then.
Thersites: The plague of Greece upon thee, thou mongrel beef-witted lord!

Flyting is a ritual, poetic exchange of insults practiced mainly between the 5th and 16th centuries. Examples of flyting are found throughout Scots, Ancient, Medieval[8][9] and Modern Celtic, Old English, Middle English and Norse literature involving both historical and mythological figures. The exchanges would become extremely provocative, often involving accusations of cowardice or sexual perversion.

Norse literature contains stories of the gods flyting. For example, in Lokasenna the god Loki insults the other gods in the hall of Ægir. In the poem Hárbarðsljóð, Hárbarðr (generally considered to be Odin in disguise) engages in flyting with Thor.[10]

In the confrontation of Beowulf and Unferð in the poem Beowulf, flytings were used as either a prelude to battle or as a form of combat in their own right.[11]

In Anglo-Saxon England, flyting would take place in a feasting hall. The winner would be decided by the reactions of those watching the exchange. The winner would drink a large cup of beer or mead in victory, then invite the loser to drink as well.[12]

The 13th-century poem The Owl and the Nightingale and Geoffrey Chaucer's Parlement of Foules contain elements of flyting.

Flyting became public entertainment in Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries, when makars would engage in verbal contests of provocative, often sexual and scatological but highly poetic abuse. Flyting was permitted despite the fact that the penalty for profanities in public was a fine of 20 shillings (over £300 in 2024 prices) for a lord, or a whipping for a servant.[13] James IV and James V encouraged "court flyting" between poets for their entertainment and occasionally engaged with them. The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie records a contest between William Dunbar and Walter Kennedy in front of James IV, which includes the earliest recorded use of the word shit as a personal insult.[13] In 1536 the poet Sir David Lyndsay composed a ribald 60-line flyte to James V after the King demanded a response to a flyte.

Flytings appear in several of William Shakespeare's plays. Margaret Galway analysed 13 comic flytings and several other ritual exchanges in the tragedies.[14] Flytings also appear in Nicholas Udall's Ralph Roister Doister and John Still's Gammer Gurton's Needle from the same era.

While flyting died out in Scottish writing after the Middle Ages, it continued for writers of Celtic background. Robert Burns parodied flyting in his poem, "To a Louse", and James Joyce's poem "The Holy Office" is a curse upon society by a bard.[15] Joyce played with the traditional two-character exchange by making one of the characters representing society as a whole.

Similar practices

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Hilary Mackie has detected in the Iliad a consistent differentiation between representations in Greek of Achaean and Trojan speech,[16] where Achaeans repeatedly engage in public, ritualized abuse: "Achaeans are proficient at blame, while Trojans perform praise poetry."[17]

Taunting songs are present in the Inuit culture, among many others. Flyting can also be found in Arabic poetry in a popular form called naqā’iḍ, as well as the competitive verses of Japanese Haikai.

Echoes of the genre continue into modern poetry. Hugh MacDiarmid's poem A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, for example, has many passages of flyting in which the poet's opponent is, in effect, the rest of humanity.

Flyting is similar in both form and function to the modern practice of freestyle battles between rappers and the historic practice of the Dozens, a verbal-combat game representing a synthesis of flyting and its Early Modern English descendants with comparable African verbal-combat games such as Ikocha Nkocha.[18]

In the Finnish epic Kalevala, the hero Väinämöinen uses the similar practice of kilpalaulanta (duel singing) to defeat his opponent Joukahainen.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"
  2. ^ Edwards Jr, Mark U. (2004-11-19). Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531-46. Fortress Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-4514-1398-4.
  3. ^ Vivian Mercier (1962). The Irish Comic Tradition. Oxford University Press. p. 146.
  4. ^ Parks, Ward (1986). "Flyting, Sounding, Debate: Three Verbal Contest Genres". Poetics Today. 7 (3): 439–458. doi:10.2307/1772505. JSTOR 1772505.
  5. ^ "Fliting". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  6. ^ "Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: DOST :: flyting". Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  7. ^ Dunbar, William (1979). "23 The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedie". In Kinsley, James (ed.). The Poems of William Dunbar. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780198118886.book.1. ISBN 978-0-19-811888-6. Retrieved 2023-12-18 – via Oxford Scholarly Editions Online.
  8. ^ "Flyting | Scottish verbal contest | Britannica".
  9. ^ Sayers, William (1991). "Serial Defamation in Two Medieval Tales: The Icelandic Ölkofra Þáttr and The Irish Scéla Mucce Meic Dathó" (PDF). Oral Tradition. pp. 35–57. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
  10. ^ Byock, Jesse (1983) [1982]. Feud in the Icelandic Saga. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08259-1.
  11. ^ Clover, Carol J. (1980). "The Germanic Context of the Unferþ Episode". Speculum. 55 (3): 444–468. doi:10.2307/2847235. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2847235. S2CID 163023116.
  12. ^ Quaestio: selected proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium in Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic Volumes 2–3, pp. 43–44, University of Cambridge, 2001.[ISBN missing]
  13. ^ a b Geoffrey Hughes; M.E. Sharpe (2006). An encyclopedia of swearing : the social history of oaths, profanity, foul language, and ethnic slurs in the English-speaking world. M.E. Sharpe. p. 175. ISBN 9780765612311. OCLC 827752811.
  14. ^ Galway, Margaret (1935). "Flyting in Shakspere's Comedies". The Shakespeare Association Bulletin. 10 (4): 183–191. ISSN 0270-8604. JSTOR 23684827.
  15. ^ "flyting." Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1995. Literature Resource Center.
  16. ^ Mackie, Hilary Susan (1996). Talking Trojan: Speech and Community in the Iliad. Lanham MD: Rowmann & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8254-4., reviewed by Joshua T. Katz in Language 74.2 (1998) pp. 408–09.
  17. ^ Mackie 1996:83.
  18. ^ Johnson, Simon (2008-12-28). "Rap music originated in medieval Scottish pubs, claims American professor". telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 2008-12-30. Professor Ferenc Szasz argued that so-called rap battles, where two or more performers trade elaborate insults, derive from the ancient Caledonian art of "flyting." According to the theory, Scottish slave owners took the tradition with them to the United States, where it was adopted and developed by slaves, emerging many years later as rap; see also John Dollard, "The Dozens: the dialect of insult", American Image 1 (1939), pp. 3–24; Roger D. Abrahams, "Playing the dozens", Journal of American Folklore 75 (1962), pp. 209–18.
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